Aesculapian Snakes in London

Page originally created in July 2011 and last updated: 15th June 2021

Inner-city Serpent  -  3.5ft adult female Aesculapian Snake at Regent's Canal, London, 2016

Aesculapian Snake  (Zamenis longissimus, previously Elaphe longissima & Coluber longissimus)

Here in the UK we have three native snake species and one introduced species of snake that has established breeding colonies at three different sites. The four snake species found are:

Native:    Adder (Northern Viper),     Grass Snake,     Smooth Snake

Introduced:    Aesculapian Snake

The fourth snake is the introduced Aesculapian Rat Snake. Aesculapian Snakes are originally from mainland Europe, and are found in three specific parts of the UK. Aesculapian Snakes haven't been residents in the UK for over 10.000 years, and are now considered by Natural England to be non-native to the UK. However, there are two well established breeding colonies of Aesculapian Snakes here in Great Britain that have been in existence now for over 35 years and one newer colony, only recently reported (1st June 2020), that is estimated to have been around for 15-20 years. One colony is in Central London, England and the other two colonies are both in Wales. The oldest population of Aesculapian Snakes in the UK is in Colwyn Bay, North Wales and the newest is in Bridgend, South Wales. Outside of the UK the nearest populations of wild and native Aesculapian Snakes are found in NW France.

These long slender Rat Snakes, of the Colubridae family, are Old World Snakes and are one of Europe's longest snakes. They regularly grow to a length of 140-160cm. In warmer parts of Europe they can reach up to 180cm and have even reached 225cm on one occasion. This easily makes them the longest snake found in the UK, and one of the longest in Europe. The maximum weight for males is usually around 890 grams and 550 grams for females. These snakes are usually found across southern, central and eastern Europe and prefer the same method of incubating their eggs as our native Grass Snakes, using warm damp moist areas of rotting vegetation such as hay piles and compost heaps to provide the necessary heat. Aesculapian Snakes are the only semi-arboreal snake in Europe. Not only are they are excellent climbers but are equally at home high up in trees and bushes as they are on the ground. They can on occasion be found basking on the canopies of trees and tall bushes, or on roof-tops of buildings in their native range.

Adult female Aesculapian Snake, Regent's Canal, London, 2016

So where did they come from and how did the three separate populations of Aesculapian Snakes end up here in the UK? 

1) Colwyn Bay population of Aesculapian Snakes in North Wales.

In 2006 the Welsh population of Aesculapian Snakes was estimated at around 85 adult and 365 juvenile specimens, and allegedly came about during the late 1960's after a gravid female snake, affectionately referred to as "Old Essie" by the 2003 assistant curator Peter Dickinson, escaped from the Welsh Mountain Zoo at Colwyn Bay and laid her eggs within the grounds of the zoo. The offspring then successfully bred and the population has thrived ever since in and around the zoo grounds. According to the NNSS website the first official record of these snakes living wild in Colwyn Bay was in 1970. They were first reported by the press during the early '70's. Software analysis has however suggested that several individual specimens probably comprised the founder stock rather than just one specimen according to the 2009 book "The Naturalised Animals Of Britain & Ireland" by Christopher Lever". This population has not spread far from the zoo in 50 years confirming that this species probably has a low dispersal ability, and is reliant on woodland connectivity to travel. It is also likely that due to the abundance of rodent prey surrounding the Colwyn Bay Zoo that these snakes are reluctant to leave this food-rich location. The main egg laying site for this snake population is suspected to be the manure dump at the Zoo. 

The Welsh Mountain Zoo at Colwyn Bay was founded in 1963 by Robert Jackson. Robert Jackson was an importer and dealer of reptiles, amphibians, mammals and birds. One of the many species he sold in the 1950's & 60's was the Aesculapian Snake. See link here

2) Bridgend population of Aesculapian Snakes in South Wales.

On July 1st 2020 it was announced by Steven Allain and Dave Clemens that the British Herpetological Society had published their paper in issue 152, Summer 2020, of the Herpetological Bulletin, that announced a third population of Aesculapian Snakes living wild and breeding here in the UK. 

There is already the Aesculapian Snake colony in North Wales but this new population is in Bridgend, South Wales. The two Welsh colonies of Aesculapian Snake are nearly 200 miles apart. This is almost the same distance as the London Aesculapian Snake colony is from the Bridgend colony.

The first report of an Aesculapian Snake to be found in Bridgend came from a member of the public after an adult snake was found in a residential garden on the 19th September 2016, although this wasn't made public knowledge until nearly four years later. Further investigation found that these Aesculapian Snakes were also present at nearby allotments. When questioned at the time local residents claimed that these snakes had been known to be around in their area for around 15 - 20 years. With a railway line nearby this feral population of Aesculapian Snakes differs from the other two populations found in the UK because it has the potential to disperse and spread considerably further from where it has currently been recorded. 

It is unknown at this time how large this population is or how far it has spread. It is also unknown how these snakes came to be in the area. The paper by S.Allain & D.Clemens mentioned the possibility that the founding snake could be an escaped pet or a deliberate release. My experience is that this species of snake is not overly popular in the UK pet trade and few reptile keepers choose to keep or breed this species here in the UK so I believe it is unlikely that this new colony is the result of an escaped pet. And if someone kept just one specimen as a pet then it wouldn't be able to start a new colony of snakes on its own if it did manage to escape. I have my suspicion that this could well be a case of deliberate release by someone wishing to start a new Aesculapian Snake colony in the area and I would be surprised if the founding specimen or specimens didn't originate from the Colwyn Bay Aesculapian Snakes. Surveys and studies of this newly discovered snake population will now commence by ARC-Trust to try and estimate the size and range of this new population. Hopefully DNA testing will be performed at some point to establish whether these snakes originated from a specimen of Aesculapian Snake from either the Colwyn Bay or Regents Canal population. This colony of Aesculapian Snakes is not believed to be as large as either of the two better established colonies in the UK, and since being reported there have been no new sightings of Aesculapian Snake in the area. However the CV19 lockdowns of 2020 and 2021 may be largely responsible for this.

BHS Herpetological Bulletin 152, Summer 2020, page 30 & 31

3) London population of Aesculapian Snakes.

I have personally been studying and photographing the Aesculapian Snakes in London for ten years since 2011. My sightings and observations have continually been added to the database held by Will Atkins, as have records that I have forwarded to Will from other sightings by members of the public. By 2018 the London population of Aesculapian Snakes had seen 50 different adult specimens recorded and photographed, and in 2013 this population was then estimated at around 40 specimens. However the number of these urbanised snakes seems to have fallen significantly in London over recent years. Between 2016 -2021 the number of sightings has seen a definite decline and there are serious concerns as to how many of this once thriving population of feral snakes may still exist in 2021. This population is confined to a small area of around two hectares surrounded by busy roads, and could only spread beyond this range by travelling along Regents Canal itself.

With the feral population of London Aesculapian Snakes being found in and near to the grounds of London Zoo it would be easy for one to jump to conclusions. But despite the obvious theory that the London population of Aesculapian Snakes must have derived from one or more escapees from London Zoo, this surprisingly isn't the case.

So if these snakes didn't originate as escapees from London Zoo then how did they get there? It is widely accepted that this population came about after about eight individual specimens of Aesculapian Snake were deliberately released along the banks of Regent's Canal in the mid 1980's from the "Centre For Life Studies", a building located at Zoological Gardens, Regents Park, NW1 adjacent to London Zoo and rented by ILEA (Inner London Education Authority facility for scientific experiments). A well respected herpetologist I spoke to claims to know exactly which former ILEA staff member was responsible for releasing these snakes onto the banks of Regent's Canal.

After repeated sightings of an unknown snake species on the banks of Regents Canal during the 1990s theses snakes were identified from photographs and in 1998 reported to TESL by Ester Wenman, who was at that time the head keeper of reptiles at London Zoo. This growing population of Aesculapians in London became common knowledge amongst many herpetologists in 2007 via an online herpetology forum and many travelled to London to find and photograph these snakes for themselves.

In an interview with the Camden Review in 2010 David Bird, a former zoo curator, also told the reporter that the Aesculapian Snakes either escaped from or were deliberately released from the ILEA building: Camden Review article

Christopher Lever discussed the London Aesculapians in his 2009 book "The Naturalised Animals Of Britain & Ireland" by Christopher Lever", and Will Atkins & Tom Langton then went into more detail about the origins of the London Aesculapian Snakes in 2011 when they wrote a detailed account in The London Naturalist No.90, 2011 on pages 93-95, giving this summary:

"A second feral population has been extant since the mid 1980s along a canal embankment habitat in Camden, north London.This was first reported to TESL in 1998 by Ester Wenman, then head keeper of reptiles at London Zoo. Aesculapian snakes had apparently colonised the area during an experiment reported by the British Herpetological Society Legal Officer, Peter Curry, who was working there and keeping this species at the Inner London Education Authority Centre for Life Studies at the time that it was closed down around 1986. One account was that eight snakes had been released ‘on the quiet’ around the time of closure to try to form a population, several of which were recaptured, but some remained at large.Those caught initially were being euthanized but the view was then taken to leave the others ‘to take their chances’ where they were. Ten years later, in an aviary close to the embankment, fragments of juvenile Aesculapian snakes were found in a laughing thrush Garrulax sp. aviary, suggesting that the snakes had bred."  The article also states, “Several newly born snakes were found in the basement of a building around 30 metres from the embankment in 2010, and breeding in that year was also shown in 2011 with a young 2010 cohort snake being located. To this date this is the only example of a non-native snake species breeding successfully and forming populations in the wild in London and the UK as a whole.”

The London Naturalist No.99, 2020, page 96 & 97

In November 2020 the 99th edition of The London Naturalist published a lengthy summary by Will Atkins, based on his own sightings of the Aesculapian Snakes at London and those submitted to him. Will's knowledge on the London Aesculapian Snakes is second to none and his well written and in-depth article mentioned many points that I have also written about on this website. Will's views and opinions often echoed that of my own when discussing the conservation status and fears for the future of these snakes in the UK. 

Jason Steel photographing an adult female Aesculapian Snake along Regents Canal in London, UK in 2016. Photo taken by Australian photographer Diane Paine.

Are these snakes a threat to our native wildlife?

The simple answer to this question for the two populations of Aesculapian Snake at Regents Canal and Colwyn Bay is no. Following ongoing studies of these Aesculapian Snake populations in the UK by respected herpetologists including Wolfgang Wuster in Bangor, Wales, & Will Atkins in London, it is clear that the existence of these snakes has had very little if any negative impact on our native wildlife. This is largely because they feed almost entirely on common rodents which are in abundance around both zoos. In 2016 one adult Aesculapian Snake specimen that was handled by a fellow amateur herpetologist and friend of mine, quickly regurgitated six newly born rat pups. At this size the rat pups are far too young to leave their nest so this confirms that the Aesculapian Snakes are actively hunting rodents in their own burrows and hideaways. Analysis of Aesculapian Snake droppings has also found traces of mouse hair. (The London Naturalist No.90, 2011, page 95) It's been reported in Croatia, where these snakes are native, that adult Aesculapian Snakes can feed as often as every three days in the warmer months. LINK

These snakes also seem dependent on woodland habitat connectivity in order to spread. In 50+ years since their arrival in the UK neither of these two populations of Aesculapian Snakes have been able to spread further than the sites where they are found. In London there simply aren't the necessary dispersal corridors available for the Aesculapian Snakes to disperse any further than they already have. And the population's distribution and reproduction is severely limited by the scarcity of suitable egg-laying sites.

It is largely down to the cooling climate over the past 5000 years that has seen a decrease in the distribution and numbers of Aesculapian Snakes across their native range in Continental Europe. With the undeniable current climate change that is already here and taking place across the world, temperatures are now on the increase. It is likely that the natural range of the Aesculapian Snakes found in Europe will change in the future. As temperatures continue to rise it is likely that many reptile species in Continental Europe, including the Aesculapian Snakes, will move further north and once again inhabit areas where they were previously found, if they are not prevented from doing so by busy roads that divide the land and isolate reptile populations in so many places. In Austria, where the Aesculapian Snake is considered both native and endangered, the Aesculapian Snake has already been recorded since 2014 as expanding its range both further north and higher in altitude. Where previously it was only found up to 1000m above sea-level it has now increased its range to 1200m above sea level. The same is also being seen with Adders in Austria. See link here.

With Aesculapian Snakes already present in the NW of France it is only the English Channel that prevents any possibility of theses snakes from returning to British soil of their own accord in future years. It is known that Aesculapian Snakes have previously lived alongside our native species in the past and given the opportunity could do so once again, probably without issue if they could reach our southern shores.

With the recently discovered population of Aesculapian Snake at Bridgend, South Wales, it is uncertain at this time what impact these snakes at Bridgend will have any the local environment because unlike the other two Aesculapian Snake populations already found in the UK, these have the potential to disperse and spread. However Aesculapian Snakes are found across much of Europe living side-by-side with many of the same species of wildlife that we have in the UK without any issues so it is still very unlikely that they will become a threat to other native species.

Adult female Aesculapian Snake, Regent's Canal, London, 2016

Are these snakes dangerous to humans?

No, not at all. The Aesculapian Snake is non-venomous and not an aggressive species. It also lacks the size or strength to inflict any harm to either humans or pet cats & dogs. Unless you're a rodent, a small bird or a young lizard, then you're quite safe from these snakes, despite what the press would have you believe.

Adult female Aesculapian Snake by Regent's Canal, London. 2016

Adult female Aesculapian Snake, Regent's Canal, London

Adult female Aesculapian Snake, Regent's Canal, London, 2016

Unlike all the other snake species found in Britain, it is the male Aesculapian Snake that is usually longer than the female. The female has greater girth but the male tends to be much longer. The female pictured above had a total body-length of just 3.5ft. A male specimen with equivalent girth would probably have been 5ft+ in length.

Adult female Aesculapian Snake, Regent's Canal, London, 2016

These elegant snakes range in colour from light golden-brown to dark brown with white flecks and a creamy yellow underside. Aesculapian Snakes have unkeeled scales that are very smooth to the touch and this snake can have a very shiny appearance with an iridescent sheen in bright sunlight. Their overall appearance of the London Aesculapian Snakes is often compared to that of a Twix wrapper.

Adult female Aesculapian Snake, Regent's Canal, London

This adult female specimen at London exhibits several scars along her body. These may have been caused by attempted predation by birds, foxes, domestic cats, or by defensive rodents and some snakes have suffered as a result of encounters with local council workers or groundsmen using strimmers to cut the grass. Groundsmen workers at ZSL bear witness to Magpies being seen attacking these snakes on several occasions.

Adult female Aesculapian Snake, Regent's Canal, London

Will Atkins has been photographing and recording individual specimens of the Aesculapian Snake population in London since 2007. His photographic database allows him to identify individual snake specimens by studying unique scale markings on the head of each snake. This close-up shot of the snake's head shows the smooth un-keeled scales of the adult female Aesculapian Snake, number 15 of the London population, identified from Will Atkin's database.

This individual snake has been recorded on both sides of the canal. Whether it uses the footbridges or whether it swims across the canal is uncertain as these snakes have been filmed by members of the public on and adjacent to the footbridges. In 2011 I spoke to the owner of a canal-boat moored along Regent's Canal in 2011 who told me had had once seen a 6ft snake swimming in the middle of the Regent's Canal. Despite this species often being found in the vicinity of fresh water in Europe the Aesculapian Snake, unlike the Grass Snake, is not a species that is known to readily take to water unnecessarily, but does on rare occasion. LINK.  In other European countries, such as France, where the Aesculapian Snake is considered native, the typical range for a male specimen is around 1.14ha, however males have been known to travel distances of 2km in search of females during the mating season. Likewise females can travel similar distances in search of suitable egg-laying sites too. 

For reference see page 3 here:  LINK 

Adult male Aesculapian Snake at Regents Canal, London, 24th May 2012.

Juvenile Aesculapians are usually pale yellow with several rows of dark brown spots. They usually display a yellow collar making them easy to confuse with juvenile Grass Snakes. However Juvenile Aesculapians can lack the dark collar that is nearly always adjacent to the yellow collar found on Grass Snakes. This yellow collar fades and then disappears as the Aesculapian Snake reaches maturity, unlike Grass Snakes which usually retain this yellow collar throughout most of their life, especially males. Juvenile Aesculapian Snakes also usually have a black mark behind the eye that runs to the neck. Like Grass Snakes the Aesculapian Snake is an egg-laying snake and adult females usually produce clutches of 5-20 eggs with 5-11 being common. These eggs are grooved and can be as large as a hen's eggs. 

The eggs hatch after 6-10 weeks, depending on the weather and incubation temperatures. Aesculapian Snake hatchlings are slightly larger than that of a Grass Snake, usually measuring around 15-20cm in length. The hatchlings can vary in size though and have been recorded ranging from 12-37cm in length in Europe. 

In London gravid females have been seen in mid-July and the same specimens have been seen again during the first week of August already having given birth. This puts egg-laying for Aesculapian Snakes in London at the end of July which is the same in Continental Europe where the Aesculapian Snakes are considered native.

Adult male Aesculapian Snake, at Regents Canal, London, May 2012.

Slithering along the branches of this tree, the Aesculapian Snake is a very competent climber. They use their strong prehensile tail to grasp a firm grip when climbing or when being handled.

Adult male Aesculapian Snake with a total length of 4 ft 5 inches, including tail. Regents Canal, London 2012.

The London Aesculapian Snake is not as timid as our native Grass Snake and can often be approached for photographs without disturbing it or causing it to flee. They rely heavily on their excellent camouflage and will often remain completely motionless until they are sure that you have seen them. Although usually a shy and secretive species due to the high levels of human traffic that pass by the London Aesculapian Snakes everyday some specimens have become pretty fearless of human contact. 

There have been several occasions when these snakes have been spotted and filmed crossing both busy pathways and the canal bridges in the middle of the day when there are plenty of people about. There have been three videos posted on-line during 2019 and 2020 of an adult female Aesculapian Snake using a bridge over Regents Canal. It is possible that these are all videos of the same individual snake that has deemed it safer or easier to cross the canal via the bridge, even with people about, than risk crossing the busy canal by water.    VIDEO 1  -  VIDEO 2  -  VIDEO 3

Adult male Aesculapian Snake (Snake 27 on Will Atkins records),  at Regents Canal, London. 11th July 2011.

One of two specimens photographed high above the ground basking in the canopy of a large bush at London in 2011. Aesculapian Snakes prefer slightly warmer temperatures to our native snakes and Aesculapians have been observed when temperatures have been between 16 - 25 degrees C, with 21-24 degrees being the favoured range.

Adult female Aesculapian Snake (Snake 7 on Will Atkins records), at Regents Canal, London. 11th July 2011. 

The second of two specimens photographed high above the ground basking in the canopy of a large bush at Regent's Canal, London in 2011.

Adult female Aesculapian Snake (Snake 7 on Will Atkins records), at Regents Canal, London. 11th July 2011. 

Feeding mainly on mice, voles, young rats and other small rodents these non-venomous constrictor snakes have also been known to eat lizards, small birds and eggs if necessary. Like most snakes the Aesculapian Snake sheds its skin periodically in one complete slough. Apart from a noticeable dulling in colour and pattern, one obvious indication that a snake is due to slough is the clouding over and bluing of the scale covering the eyes of the snake as pictured above. This eye-scale will shed first and then the rest of the snake's skin will usually shed a few days later as a complete slough.

Do Aesculapian Snakes bite?

Aesculapian Snakes are a usually calm species and some may not bite even when handled. Some specimens do hiss and strike when handled but this is often with a closed mouth to serve as a warning. Others may make a strike and bite without attempting to inflict any real harm, just to get you to release them. It is reported that sometimes Aesculapian Snakes will inflate themselves in a threat display but this is not something I have witnessed myself.

I must stress that there is no chance of being bitten by one of these snakes unless you try and pick one up! They will always flee rather than confront a human.

The bite marks shown in the image above were inflicted by an unusually defensive adult female Aesculapian Snake.  This account is by "someone" who picked up a wild Aesculapian Snake along Regents Canal in 2016:  

"I spotted a large adult female Aesculapian Snake on the canal's edge, mosaic-basking amidst grass and dead twigs on the ground. Only a few inches of the scales on the middle of the snake's upper body were visible, as the rest of the snake was buried beneath the protection of the surrounding foliage. When I carefully picked up the snake to photograph the head for identification purposes, to my complete surprise, an angry, wide-mouthed head quickly spun round and latched onto my wrist. Having never experienced any signs of real aggression from Aesculapian Snakes during previous encounters, I was very surprised by how intent this snake was in defending itself from what it perceived to be a potential predator. It wasn't just biting me, It was rotating and twisting its entire body around in my hands whilst continuing to clamp its jaw around my wrist. It really meant business! After about 10 seconds it released the grip that its jaws had on my wrist, and it immediately turned its attention to my hand and began biting again. Then released, and then bit again! Then released, and then bit again!

It took me a while to realise that this snake, although drawing blood with every bite, was incapable of inflicting any real harm or pain on me. It had extremely sharp little teeth but lacked the sufficient clamping power in its jaws to do me any real damage. After a few minutes, the snake also came to the same conclusion, and once it also realised that I wasn't actually a threat or causing it any harm it began to calm down. After a while it became quite docile and was content to slither around or just relax in my hands and enjoy the warmth for a while before being released back to the exact spot where it was found."

Although considered completely harmless many colubrid snakes have very slight traces of very mild venom in their saliva produced by the Duvernoy's gland. Studies on Garter Snakes have shown that this mild venom could aid subduing mammalian prey when the snake grasps and holds the prey in its jaws for several minutes. Even though Aesculapian Snakes have tiny teeth, and are incapable of causing any real harm or pain to humans, the small puncture wounds can cause quite a reasonable amount of blood to flow from the wound making it appear to be far worse than the superficial scratch that it actually is. Jonathan Cranfield, of Herpetologic, has commented that this "suggests that there are anticoagulant enzymes at work" from the Aesculapian Snake's saliva.

Read the paper by W & F Hayes here.

These Aesculapian Snakes living in London have made the news headlines many times over recent years but May 2014 saw a series of disgraceful reports by the British media about the Aesculapian Snake colonies found in the UK. These sensationalised and scaremongering stories were full of false information and inaccurate reports with ridiculous claims and headlines including the Daily Star's "KILLER snakes that are capable of crushing small children to death are on the loose in Britain! " the Daily Mail's "London hit by outbreak of invasive eight foot snakes that could kill cats or small dogs!" and the Metro's "Army of 6ft 6in snakes capable of killing young children on the loose in London"

Daily Star      Daily Mail       The Mirror (amended)       UK News Yahoo      International Business Times      Travel AOL      Metro      Hackney Gazette

Less dramatic reports from these news websites:

Camden New Journal      London Live      The Islington Tribune      Express      Independant      Daily Post      Vice (excellent article)

Being classed as a non-native species are the Aesculapian Snakes likely to be removed?

Despite these snakes posing little if any threat to our native wildlife (excluding mice and young rats) in 2013 the Government agency 'LISI' (London Invasive Species Initiative) decided that these Aesculapian Snakes were a species of concern and called for the snakes to be eradicated in the UK, quoting them as a "Species of high impact or concern". You can download the list of "Species of concern in London". Thankfully LISI seemed to listen to experts on these snakes and in 2014 LISI responded to the sensationalized media stories and released the following statement alleviating any unnecessary fears and stating that they had no immediate plans to remove these snakes from the wild at least until further studies of their impact on native wildlife have been carried out. However as of yet Natural England have refused to grant any licences to study the Asesculapian Snakes in London.

 Killer snake headlines debunked

"There have been some interesting headlines over the weekend regarding Aesculapian snakes in London, such as the Daily Mirror’s ‘Colony of killer snakes ‘capable of crushing small children to death’ on loose in London’.

The London Invasive Species Initiative (LISI) has put together some information which we hope will clear up some inaccuracies. Below is our original statement, in response to a request for information on their population in London. Note that LISI is not calling for the eradication of the species in London, as reported in some media.

'The species of concern list for the Greater London area has been compiled by a range of industry professionals and land managers within London and is reviewed and updated quarterly. This list does indeed include the Aesculapian snakes that are being referred to, although no action that I am aware of has been taken to remove this population, nor does LISI have any plans to do so at present. This species is listed in the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 meaning it is illegal to allow the species to spread or escape into the wild. At present there is limited information on what effects the species may have on our local ecosystems and further information would be hugely valuable in developing appropriate management plans for this population’.

LISI would require further information and monitoring of this species before advising on any further action. With so many other invasive non-native species having a detrimental effect on our environment, it is not feasible to spend limited resources on a species that does not at present seem to be having a significant impact on our ecosystems.

As for the concern about people’s safety, when left alone Aesculapian snakes are a docile and non-venomous species. Please rest assured that your children will not risk being crushed by snakes whilst wandering through central London."

So what does the future hold for the London Aesculapian Snakes?

With many people incorrectly pointing the finger at ZSL being responsible for the escape of the original Aesculapian Snakes that founded the London snake population, in 2016 rather than attempting to remove the snakes from Regents Canal, based purely on my own observations, the action that appeared to have been taken was to lay high numbers of rodenticide bait traps in the areas that these snakes were known to use as feeding grounds. By reducing the available prey for the snakes it would have made it far harder for them to survive.  It's also highly likely that some snakes have been killed as a result of secondary poisoning after feeding on poisoned rodents at Regent's Canal. In May 2020 I was emailed after a member of the public found a dead adult Aesculapian Snake at Regents Canal. The dead snake showed no signs of injury and is quite likely to have died as a result of secondary poisoning. This reinforces my views that at least part of the blame for the dramatic reduction of Aesculapian Snakes at Regents Canal is likely to be due to these rodenticide bait traps used by ZSL. Some of the Aesculapian Snakes found within ZSL grounds by ZSL staff over the years have been captured and either euthanised or taken into captivity. ZSL have within their collection some dead and preserved Aesculapian Snake specimens that were once caught within their grounds.

A quote from a member on reptile pet forum in 2018

Some Aesculapian Snakes from Regents Canal have also suffered at the hands of selfish collectors and I have personally witnessed some members on reptile forums boasting of their intent to catch and keep wild specimens from the London Aesculapian Snake population. ZSL have also caught members of the public catching feral Aesculapian Snakes within the grounds of the zoo.

Numbers may also have fallen due to a lack of breeding success with a short supply of suitable rotting vegetation or manure piles needed for egg incubation. It is also very possible that some specimens may have been deliberately killed by ignorant people who fear snakes. 

In 2019 the number of rodent traps being I observed in the area seemed to have been reduced slightly from 2016. And with no immediate action being planned to remove these snakes at present it is hoped that they will be left free from persecution and be allowed to live in peace. With so many other more harmful and invasive species such as the Grey Squirrel now being accepted as part of the British wildlife it is hoped by many that these small and restricted populations of harmless snake will also be one day accepted too.

Adult Aesculapian Snake specimens have been recorded in London as recently as 31st May 2021, by David Jones, who found two adult specimens on the south-facing bank. One specimen was just 2ft in length suggesting that it was probably just a few years old.

Although breeding of the London Aesculapian Snakes has obviously successfully occurred many times since the 1980's there seems to have been very limited success in recent years. To the best of my knowledge there have only been 2 juvenile specimens recorded in the last 10 years in London. The first by Will Atkins, and the second recorded on May 16th 2017 by Chris-26 on iNaturalist.org

August 2019 - As part of a debate on the future of Aesculapian Snakes in the UK, held on Facebook , world renown herpetologist Dr Wolfgang Wüster made the following comments in support of these snakes:

"I always get a chuckle out of these discussions of introduced species and the supposed threat they pose to natives. The underlying assumption (as in so much of the UK herp conservation scene) seems to be that the status quo, with our native species in the habitats they've always occupied, is still on the menu. Sorry folks, but that is just wishful thinking. Climate change is in progress, and we are seeing more of its effects every year. And while countries sign pious pledges in Kyoto, Paris and elsewhere, a look at the global scene right now (Trump, Bolsonaro etc.) suggests that it would take an unusual degree of optimism to believe that humanity has the collective will and the structures in place to significantly reduce emissions to the levels required to prevent the worst of climate change. We are in for a rough ride.

With climate change as forecast in any of the current humans-doing-too-little-too-late scenarios, not a single global ecosystem will be unaffected. "Nature", in the sense of environments unimpacted by humans, is effectively dead. There's a word for that: the Anthropocene. We are in it, and we are running the show. And since that is where we are, I suggest we would be better off owning it and trying to make the least worst of it, than pretending it's not happening,

For biodiversity, that means that the status quo is not an option. Organisms that can swim or fly will adjust their distributions accordingly under their own steam. It's already happening. Small terrestrial organisms generally don't have that choice in our fragmented landscape. So our options are to do nothing while we pretend that we don't want to interfere with a non-existent nature, while we watch the less adaptable species disappear and Britain's biodiversity decline, without any new diversity coming in to replace what is lost, OR we can decide to manage the situation and maintain overall biodiversity, and that could include welcoming non-native central European species that will now come under pressure in the southern parts of their distributions. The Aesculapian snake (as well as wall and green lizards and other Central European species) are perfect examples of that. They already interact with the same species as our natives in their current native range (so that chances of a disastrous impact are minimal even if they were to spread), and they are likely to end up having a hard time in parts of their native ranges. Why not welcome them here?
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Note that I am ABSOLUTELY NOT advocating a free-for-all! We don't want introduced bullfrogs, corn snakes, Russian ratsnakes, red-eared sliders or other species from the other side of the world to proliferate here. But species from neighbouring regions that would get here anyway but for the Channel? I really think we need to rethink our attitudes there, and take into account the bigger picture of where we are headed."  -  Dr Wolfgang Wüster

In 2020 the habitat around the banks of Regents Canal has changed considerably over the last 35 years since the introduction of the Aesculapian Snakes to London. The grassy banks that once afforded the snakes plenty of basking opportunities have now been largely replaced by Sycamore, Hazel and Hawthorn due to the lack of maintenance at the site. This lack of suitable habitat is probably contributing to the reduction of snakes now found at Regents Canal. The snakes will be forced to either rely more basking in tree and bush canopies or bask at the edge of the woodland, where they are at far greater risk of coming into contact with members of the public. Sympathetic management to the area would not only benefit the Aesculapian Snakes but would benefit many other species of wildlife too. 

With the odds stacked steeply against the future survival of the Aesculapian Snakes in London it is feared that these wonderful, harmless creatures are unlikely to have much of a future ahead of them. It saddens me greatly to believe that we will probably allow this fascinating species, that is already in decline across the world where it is considered native, to be lost from our country for good. It is highly likely that the Aesculapian Snakes will not survive for much longer than another decade in London unless there is a serious change in attitude towards the presence of these snakes by government bodies responsible for wildlife conservation in the UK.

1935 32nd Edition, Zoological Society of London guide book

The Aesculapian Snake was once native to the UK  -  Fossil Remains of Aesculapian Snakes found in Suffolk & Essex

There have been a few discoveries in the UK of ancient fossil remains of Aesculapian Snake dating back to the warm end of the Pleistocene Period (around 11,700 BC) found in Suffolk and Essex (B.H.S. Bulletin no.50 1994). So although now considered a non-indigenous species many people are starting to accept that the Aesculapian Snake was actually once native to the UK , possibly as recent as just 5000 years ago when the climate was warmer, before being driven south by the arrival of subsequent glacial periods. This topic is covered in the 1998 book "Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in Britain and Europe" by Professor J. Alan Holman. DNA analysis has confirmed that the isolated Aesculapian Snake populations in Northern Europe are proof that the range of the Aesculapian Snake has expanded and contracted slowly over long periods of time when necessary to cope with changes in climate as the Earth warms and cools. See article here: Relics Of The Europe's Warm Past - Phylogeography Of The Aesculapian Snake. There remains several isolated populations of Aesculapian Snake found at sites across Europe which are relics of the previous vast range of the Aesculapian Snake just 5000 years ago when the climate was warmer than it is today. - See article here: 2005 Action Plan for the Conservation of the Aesculapian Snake (Zamenis longissimus) in Europe - by David Bird & Paul Edgar 

Fossilised remains of Aesculapian Snakes have been found in the UK at three different sites: East Farm, Barnham, Sussex (discovered in 1994)  &  Beeches Pit, West Stow, Suffolk (TL798719 discovered in 1991)  &  Cudmore Grove, Essex (discovered in 1990). 

One might also consider the possibility that these fossils are the remains of ancient feral populations of Aesculapian Snake that either escaped from captivity or were deliberately released, as it is often reported that both the Greeks and the Romans kept Aesculapian Snakes in temples for healing and fertility rituals. However, the Mycenaean civilisation of early Greece (1600BC - 1100BC) never made direct contact with Britain and the Romans did not come to Britain until 43AD, so if the fossils are dated correctly then this hypothesis can be ruled out.

Purchase "Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in Britain and Europe" by Professor J. Alan Holman. 

The range of the Aesculapian Snake once stretched as far north as Denmark, which is further north than any of he Aesculapian Snake populations now found in both Wales and England. Until around 6500 BC mainland Britain was joined by land to the European mainland allowing Aesculapian Snakes to travel north and extend their range as necessary when the climate warmed up. So why wouldn't this species have also once been resident in the UK as well?

Whilst Britain focuses its conservation efforts and reintroduction programs on other species including the Sand Lizard, Natterjack Toad and Pool Frog, at sites across the UK, why are we not doing more to protect the three well established and naturalized populations of Aesculapian Snake in the UK? And worse still why are we even considering their deliberate eradication if this species was previously found in Britain anyway and is not only critically endangered in much of its native range across Europe, but is also spreading its range further north as our climate warms?

Should these current introduced British populations of Aesculapian Snake therefore, whether intentionally released or accidentally escaped, now be considered as a reintroduction success story of a lost reptile species now returned to Britain once again? With many specimens of the London population of Aesculapian Snakes having already been poisoned, or captured and taken from the wild by reptile collectors, isn’t it about time this species was afforded the same level of protection by UK law as our other rare herpetofauna?

The fossilised remains of Aesculapian Snake that were found at the Cudmore Grove site in Essex, were one of 14 species of herptile found there. Seven of these species are no longer present in Britain but can still be found in Continental Europe. This further supports the evidence of a once warmer climate in Britain, more suited to Aesculapian Snakes and other herpetofauna. With so many other reptile and amphibian species also being found at the Cudmore Grove site this also supports the evidence that Aesculapian Snakes were one of many species of native reptiles and amphibians that could be found living in the area at that time rather than Aesculapian Snakes being an introduced species from captive specimens brought in from ancient Greek or Roman settlements. In fact all three sites where Aesculapian Snake fossils have been found in the UK also contained fossilised evidence of other species of herptiles that are now only found in Continental Europe.  LINK

It is my hope that one day Natural England and our Government will no longer consider the Aesculapian Snake to be a non-native and invasive species but instead will embrace it as a returned species once native to the UK and afford it the same level of protection under UK Law as our other rare reptiles benefit from.

Does this mean that we should reintroduce all species that were once found in the UK? No, definitely not. Other species that were once found in the UK would no longer integrate into Britain’s current ecosystems without disrupting their delicate balance. But the Aesculapian Snake has found its place in current local UK ecosystems where it can both thrive and fully integrate in harmony with its surroundings. If Aesculapian Snakes were to become widely established once again in Britain they would not become an apex predator but would simply become another piece of the food-chain for local ecosystems.  Having Aesculapian Snakes in areas inhabited by humans can actually be a benefit to man and would serve as a beneficial response to counteract the increase in mice and rats that are now found in abundance around human habitation which is a direct result of man’s behaviour. Due to the lack of suitable Aesculapian Snake habitat in the UK it would be highly unlikely that this species could ever become common in the UK once again. However it could, if allowed, form thriving colonies at many sites across the UK in ideal locations.

The Aesculapian Snake even features on Wikipedia's list of "Extinct Animals of the British Isles".

Sadly as the current UK Law stands any species that has been absent from Britain for more than 10,000 years, since the last ice-age, is considered as a non-native species. Although this is bad news for the Aesculapian Snake in the UK it does open the door to the possibility of licenced reintroductions of Moor Frog, Pool Frog, Agile Frog and European Pond Turtle at some stage in the future. All of which were once found native in the UK well after the last ice-age.

This map shows the range in 2020 for Aesculapian Snakes across Europe. See detailed ICUN Red List map here.  See also European Environment Agency Map

The Aesculapian Snake is one of four species of Rat Snake currently found in 31 countries across Europe. It is known that their range once reached far further north than it does now when the Earth's climate was warmer. Some suggest that this vast range may have been contributed to by escaped specimens from when the Romans kept Aesculapian Snakes during the Roman occupation of Europe. Although some herpetologists claim that there is little or no truth behind the "myth" that the Romans kept Aesculapian Snakes, other historians claim that not only were the snakes kept in temples for rituals and ceremonies but they were also kept in homes as "house snakes" to serve as vermin controllers. (see link here)

In the last 150 years Aesculapian Snakes have gone extinct in five northern countries with Denmark previously being the northern most part of their range until around 1863 when the last of the Aesculapian Snakes in that region died out.  Article 1  &  Article 2. 

DNA testing of preserved specimens of Aesculapian Snake collected from Denmark in the early 19th Century have confirmed that it is highly likely that these Danish Aesculapians were part of an extended range originating from the Balkans rather than being introduced specimens. The Southern Balkans were a glacial retreat for many reptile species during the ice-ages. And we know that Aesculapian Snakes were present in Denmark from at least 7500BC right up until 1863. See article here: Centuries-Old DNA from an Extinct Population of Aesculapian Snake (Zamenis longissimus) Offers New Phylogeographic Insight - by Morten E. Allentoft, Arne Redsted Rasmussen and Hans Viborg Kristensen

Albino and Melanistic Specimens

Both albino and melanistic specimens of Aesculapian Snakes have been found living in the wild in Austria, Slovenia Bosnia & Herzegovina and Italy but these are incredibly rare. However melanistic specimens are not uncommon in the pet trade. There are no records of any such specimens ever being found wild in the UK. In Greece grey morphs of the Aesculapian Snake can also be found. Striped specimens have been found in Pavia, Italy.

1) Read 2003 article on first Albino specimen in Slovenia here.    2) Read 2018 article on Albino specimens in Slovakia here.   

3) Read account of striped specimens found in Pavia, Italy.

In 2013 an incredibly rare amelanistic Aesculapian Snake was found in a garden in Austria. It was taken into captivity and is held at the Reptilienzoo Nockalm, in Austria. This image was shared on the "Zoochat" forum. Other photos can be found here on Flickr. Amelanism is similar to albino, however in amelanism there is a complete lack of dark colour pigments as oppose to a total lack of all colour pigments found in true albinos. An account of the history of this snake written in German can be found here. And videos of this snake can been seen here:   LINK 1   LINK 2   LINK 3

In 2014 a wild hypomelanistic colour morph of the Aesculapian Snake was also found in Austria. This specimen was partially lacking black pigmentation and is the only specimen of its kind ever seen in the wild. One photo was taken before the snake escaped. The story was run by Krone Multimedia. See link here.

In 2014 a wild albino Aesculapian Snake was found in the town of Teslić in Bosnia & Herzegovina. The snake was 900mm in length and was found at an altitude of 220m above sea level. To date this was only the 10th albino specimen of Aesculapian Snake ever to be found in the wild in Europe.  See link here

Where can I find wild Aesculapian Snakes?

Inaturalist.org shows records of sightings across Europe including some from both Wales and London.  inaturalist.org

ARC Trust also shows approximate records for sightings in Wales here: Wales Online Amphibian & Reptile Atlas

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This project seeks to develop a widely applicable model system for early invasive species assessment and control planning that will benefit invasive species control efforts in the UK. Through the monitoring of their movements and habitats, the data on snake behaviour and habitat use will feed into an integrated removal plan for the species and contribute to preventing further range expansion and invasiveness. The project began in October 2017 and will continue until October 2021. Snakes will be implanted with radio transmitters between April 2020 and September 2020, and again April 2021 until September 2021."  

Lastly, I would like to make an appeal  to anyone considering catching and keeping a wild Aesculapian Snake as a pet. PLEASE DON'T!  It is an absolute joy being able to find, photograph and watch these beautiful reptiles living wild and free in the UK. They have found a niche in our ecosystem that has allowed them to flourish without upsetting the delicate balance  of our environment. It was once suspected that there could be a maximum of 20 breeding pairs in the London population but numbers are now believed to be much lower. Just removing one snake could have serious consequences for the future of this species in London. Many of these snakes have already been caught, and with the high number of rodent traps being used in the area, loss of habitat, and lack of egg-laying sites, these are also likely to have a negative impact on numbers of these snakes. Please just be grateful if you are lucky enough to see one, let it live in peace in the wild, and let other people also experience the joy of seeing them living wild in the UK.

Although considered non-native. the Aesculapian Snake has been protected by UK law since it was revised on 16th March 1992, against being harmed or killed under the 1981 Wildlife & Countryside Act.  This law came into effect from 1st January 1993.   See additional link

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