Jumping Spiders of the UK

Jumping Spiders

There are nearly 40 species of Jumping Spider in the UK. Jumping Spiders are small and stocky in build with short legs and are recognised by their square-fronted carapaces and large forward-facing eyes. Jumping Spiders do not build webs to catch their prey. As their name suggests they have the ability to jump and launch themselves through the air at great speed. They can use this ability to 'jump' to catch prey or evade predators. Most Jumping Spider species in the UK are diurnal and prefer dry sunny locations. They can often be readily identified by their short jerky movements when walking.

Female Zebra Jumping Spider (Salticus scenicus)

Zebra Jumping Spider (Salticus scenicus)

The Zebra Jumping Spider is a common jumping spider found across the UK, often in urban and suburban areas. They can also been found on heathland and farmland sites too. They are often seen sunning themselves on walls, rocks, tree-trunks or fences. Jumping Spiders do not make webs. Instead they jump onto their prey with great accuracy and quickly inflict a lethal venomous bite to their unsuspecting victims. They are reported to jump up to 10cm, but I have observed one jumping almost twice that distance in a downward direction landing directly on a fly which was killed instantly with an immediate bite.

Jumping Spiders have four pairs of eyes, two of which are front facing. One pair of the front facing eyes are extremely large. These huge front-facing eyes are used for gathering a detailed image enabling the spider to identify potential prey and judging distance when jumping onto their prey. Before the spider jumps it attaches a web line which it can use to enable it to return to the same spot again. Zebra Jumping Spiders are small with a maximum body-length of 5-7mm. They are stocky in build with short, thick legs. If you approach a Zebra Jumping Spider, it will often lift its head and follow your movements closely with its big eyes. British Arachnological Society Factsheet

Female Zebra Jumping Spider (Salticus scenicus) with lunch, found in my kitchen in May.

Male Zebra Jumping Spider (Salticus scenicus)

Males can be distinguished from females by the possession of huge jaws which they use for wrestling with each other to compete for mating rights to a female.

Male Zebra Jumping Spider (Salticus scenicus) found on my garden shed in SE London 6/5/2019

Female Zebra Jumping Spider (Salticus scenicus) - wandering around a Privet Bush in my garden.

Female Zebra Jumping Spider (Salticus scenicus)

A very large 11mm Fencepost Jumping Spider (Marpissa muscosa) found on a fencepost at the edge of ancient oak woodland in Kent, 21st May 2020

Fencepost Jumping Spider (Marpissa muscosa)

The Fencepost Jumping Spider is a nationally scarce species and is one of Britain's largest Jumping Spiders. Males usually grow to 6-8mm and females 8-10mm. At some sites it's not unusual for specimens to exceed these sizes and females have even been recorded at 13mm! The specimen photographed above was well outside of the usual range for a male at 11mm. Fencepost Jumping Spiders are found across much of Europe but have a scattered distribution in the UK. They are most frequently encountered in the SE of England. This species is fairly easy to distinguish from other Jumping Spiders in the UK by their size and their long, slender and flat abdomens. Their typical habitat includes fallen branches, under loose bark of old trees, stone walls, rocks, logs and as their name suggests wooden fenceposts and fences. This species often builds a silky retreat behind loose bark on very old or dead trees. These "nests" can often be found in groups with many specimens choosing to build their hideaway next to another specimen. It has been observed that, as with other species of Marpissa spider, the Fencepost Spider demonstrates a social hierarchy with weaker animals acknowledging their inferiority to larger specimens by strutting their front legs and slowly retreating from the scene.

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A very large 12mm Fencepost Jumping Spider (Marpissa muscosa) found on a fencepost ajacent to ancient oak woodland in Kent, 22nd May 2020

A 12mm female Fencepost Jumping Spider (Marpissa muscosa) with beautiful blue eyes, and an 11mm green-eyed male, with very impressive pedipalps.

Both the male and female Marpissa muscosa look fairly similar from above, with the male being darker. However when viewed from the front the differences are very obvious. Both sexes are very hairy, especially their front legs. The male has very enlarged pedipalps whilst the female's pedipalps are covered in very long white hairs.

12mm Female Fencepost Jumping Spider (Marpissa muscosa)

After finding the large male Fencepost Jumping Spider (Marpissa muscosa) on 21st May2020 I decided to go back to the same ancient woodland site in Kent and search for a female.

After searching fenceposts and loose bark on trees for about an hour in vain we decided to take a walk along a large open grassland space adjacent to the woods. Searching fenceposts as we went I soon spotted my first female Fencepost Jumping Spider (Marpissa muscosa). It was a small 4mm female. I took a couple of rushed 'in-situ' shots before it disappeared into a crack in the fencepost. 5 minutes further up the walkway and I found exactly what I was after, a huge 12mm female specimen! Not wanting to risk this one escaping I quickly caught it in a pot and began setting up my white background and lights for some close-up shots.

This is definitely the most beautiful spider I have photographed in the UK. The eyes are stunning! I took photos from all angles before placing the spider on a stone step for some more natural looking shots. The spider had been very well behaved until now. But the wind was picking up and this spider decided it was time to make an escape. Wow, these things can really move! I've never experienced a Jumping Spider that can move at such a pace. It would take 4 or 5 huge 20+cm jumps in quick succession, and I very nearly lost it. It didn't take long before I had my shots and I was ready to quickly return it to exactly the same spot where it was found.

11mm Male Fencepost Jumping Spider (Marpissa muscosa)

9mm male Fencepost Jumping Spider (Marpissa muscosa) photographed on fence post in SE London, 5th June 2021

10mm female Fencepost Jumping Spider (Marpissa muscosa) feeding on a Grass Spider (Tibellus cf oblongus) in SE London, 5th June 2021

Adult female 5mm Downy Jumper (Attulus pubescens)

Downy Jumper (Sitticus / Sittipub / Hypositticus / Attulus pubescens)

Another widespread and common jumping spider found across England, usually in residential areas around human habitation. They have an average body-length of 4-6mm. Adult females can be found throughout the year but adult males are found from March to October. Both sexes peak around May to June. In areas away from humans this species can on occasion be found on tree trunks and rocks. Inside of houses it is usually the Cellar Spider / Daddy-Long-Legs Spider (Pholcus phalangioides) that is the top of its food-chain feeding on other insects as well as other spiders. But the Downy Jumper has been observed and photographed killing and feeding on Cellar Spiders. The capability of making a surprise jumping attack from a distance gives the Jumping Spider a great advantage over this known spider-hunter.

This species has been the subject of some debate over the years as to which genus it belongs on. It is currently accepted by most experts to be classed as Attulus pubescens. LINK

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Adult female 6mm Downy Jumper - (Attulus pubescens) found on my garden shed at 11pm in May.

4mm male Downy Jumper - (Attulus pubescens) found on my garden fence in May.

Female Common Sun-Jumper (Heliophanus cf flavipes)

Common Sun-Jumper (Heliophanus flavipes)

A small Jumping Spider with a typical body-length of around 5mm, and sometimes up to 7mm. The palps and legs are a lemon-yellow colour contrasting against the dark body. This species is usually found on shrubs and other low / medium height vegetation or low branches of trees, with a preference to sunny spots. There are 4 species of Sun Jumper found in the UK, but telling Heliophanus sp. apart is very difficult.

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Heavily gravid 7mm female Common Sun-Jumper (Heliophanus cf flavipes)

1mm juvenile Common Sun-Jumper (Heliophanus cf flavipes) found in my bathroom 24th August 2020

Here's the smallest spider that I've ever attempted to photograph. It was too small to even recognise as a spider with my eyes and would have gone completely unnoticed if it hadn't waked across the top of my white bathroom sink. The distinctive walk of a Jumping Spider gave his identity away. I decidied to attempt to photograph it, even though its size was way beyond the capabilities of my Canon 100mm f/2.8 L IS Macro lens. This is a 1mm Sun-Jumper Spider (Heliophanus sp).

One Penny coin with a 1mm juvenile Common Sun-Jumper (Heliophanus cf flavipes) found in my bathroom 24th August 2020

6mm adult female Sun Jumper photographed in my bathroom whilst hanging from a single thread, 27th August 2020.

Three days after finding the tiny 1mm juvenile Sun Jumper (Heliophanus sp) in my bathroom, I got a visit from what it likely to be the mother. These shots were taken "in-situ" using the white UPVC window frame of my bathroom window as the background. This female Sun Jumper was hanging from a single thread and spinning around in circles whilst she slowly descended from the top of my bathroom window onto my bathroom sink

4mm female Common Sun-Jumper (Heliophanus cf flavipes) photographed in my garden in SE London 10th April 2020

As the late afternoon sun moved round to the west of the house, and the shadow cast by the garden fence began to send the hydrangea bush into darkness, the tiny Sun Jumper inched towards the edge of the leaves to soak up the last of the sun's rays.

5mm female Common Sun-Jumper (Heliophanus cf flavipes) photographed in my garden in SE London 2nd May 2020

Sun-Jumper (Heliophanus species) photographed on low vegetation at the edge of a grass field in SE London, 28th May 2021.

Sun-Jumper (Heliophanus species) photographed on lemon balm in my SE London garden, 1st June 2021.

5mm female Common Sun-Jumper (Heliophanus cf flavipes) photographed in my garden in SE London 10th April 2020

3mm male Common Sun-Jumper (Heliophanus cf flavipes) found on a flowerpot in my garden in SE London, 26th May 2019.

3mm male Common Sun-Jumper (Heliophanus cf flavipes) that wandered into my kitchen in SE London, 19th April 2020.

3mm male Common Sun-Jumper (Heliophanus cf flavipes) on my garden shed in SE London 12th April 2020

3mm male Oak Jumper (Ballus chalybeius) found in my garden in SE London / North Kent

Oak Jumper (Ballus chalybeius)

A small Jumping Spider with a maximum body-length of around 4.5 - 5.5mm for females and 3 - 4mm for males. The body is usually dark brown and fairly flat, and the legs are light brown / orange. Light brown specimens do also occur. Found mostly in the SE of England but scattered sightings are recorded across England and Wales. Favours woodland habitat especially Oak. It spins a silky retreat on the upper side of bushes and small trees.

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4mm female Oak Jumper (Ballus chalybeius) found on a wetlands site in SE London / North Kent

3mm adult male Oak Jumper (Ballus chalybeius) photographed on my thumb to give a sense of scale.

7mm female Macaroeris nidicolens found in my garden 19th April 2019

Mile End Jumping Spider (Macaroeris nidicolens)

This Mediterranean Jumping Spider is fairly new to the UK and was first recorded back in 2002 at Mile End Park, Tower Hamlets in East London, hence the common name of Mile End Jumping Spider, and occasionally referred to as the Tower Hamlets Jumping Spider. It was then recorded in Essex at Thurrock in 2006. By 2019 it had been recorded at various sites in the SE of England including one record from Greenwich and a couple from Dartford. This adult female specimen was photographed in my garden in Bexleyheath, Kent / SE London in April 2019. They've also been found on Pine Trees, Gorse, Privet and Hawthorn at other locations in the SE. There is no doubt that the Mile End Jumping Spider is spreading and as of 2020 this species has been recorded at 15 sites around London and one on the South Coast and has been recorded every year since 2019 in my garden in Bexleyheath, Kent / SE London. Adult specimens have a typical body-length of around 5 - 7mm for females and 4 - 6mm for males.

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3mm immature female Macaroeris nidicolens

4mm adult male Mile End Jumping Spider (Macaroeris nidicolens) found on the back of my work van in SE London, 1st June 2020.

Unlike many species of spider the male Mile End Jumping Spider doesn't have obviously distinguishable pedipalps from the female without close examination. Males are considerably smaller with far darker legs and abdomen, and a dark brown face and pedipalps. There are often two white patches at the rear of the head.

5mm adult male Mile End Jumping Spider (Macaroeris nidicolens) found on the privet bush in my garden in SE London, 25th May 2020.

Female Macaroeris nidicolens in my garden in SE London 19th April 2019

One of two female Macaroeris nidicolens found in my garden in SE London on the leaves of a Privet Bush 2 metres above the ground, April 19th 2020.

This sub-adult female specimen had a body-length of around 6mm. When sighted in my SE London garden female Macaroeris nidicolens are nearly always on my privet bush and at a height of around 4 - 7 feet above the ground, with most sightings at around 6ft above the ground. They tend to be quite shy and are quick to hide on the underside of the leaf when approached for photos.

One of two female Macaroeris nidicolens found in my garden in SE London on the leaves of a Privet Bush 2 metres above the ground, April 19th 2020.

4mm female Macaroeris nidicolens found in my garden in SE London on the top of a Privet Bush 2.5 metres above the ground, April 26th 2020.

One of two 3.5-4mm sub-adult female Macaroeris nidicolens found in my garden in SE London on a Privet Bush, 2 metres above the ground, April 4th 2021.

This is my earliest record in the year so far for this species.

The female Mile End Jumping Spiders appear to have their favourite basking spots on my privet bush. This 5mm female specimen basked on the same leaf in my garden every sunny morning for a week commencing 17th May 2021.

3mm sub-adult female Fleecy Jumper (Pseudeuophrys lanigera) found on my bedroom ceiling.

Fleecy Jumper / House Jumping Spider - (Pseudeuophrys lanigera / Euophrys lanigera)

Pseudeuophrys lanigera or the Fleecy Jumper as it is sometimes known, is a very small species of Jumping Spider with a maximum body-length of 3-4mm for males and 3-5mm for females. They are often found on the tops of sunny high walls and roofs of buildings. They also often turn up inside buildings on ceilings, especially once the weather gets colder. This species can be found all year round indoors and is scarce in the north of the UK but becomes more common in the south. In 2022 I recorded 2.5mm & 3mm specimens on UVPC doors and windows in SE London, on sunny days in mid-February, when the air temperatures were 7-9 degrees.

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4mm adult female Fleecy Jumper (Pseudeuophrys lanigera) found on the outside wall of a house in Kent in May.

3mm male Fleecy Jumper (Pseudeuophrys lanigera) found on my bedroom wall in SE London / North Kent in September

3mm female Fleecy Jumper (Pseudeuophrys lanigera)

This Fleecy Jumper has class. It was found living under the rear light of my Porsche Cayman S, and photographed "in-situ" as is wandered along my car's rear bumper.

3mm adult female Ant-Mimic Jumping Spider (Synageles venator) found on a UPVC front door in SE London / North Kent, May 2019.

Ant-Mimic Jumping Spider - (Synageles venator)

Synageles venator is a tiny species of Jumping Spider that mimics the appearance of an ant. This mimicry allows the spider to get close to its prey without them suspecting an ambush. The Ant-Mimic Jumping Spider grows to a maximum body-length of around 4mm for females. Males have an indentation on their abdomen that gives the impression that the spider consists of three body segments instead of the usual two that spiders have. This helps pull off the imitation of an insect rather than a spider. They also have a white band on their abdomen that further exaggerates this indentation and makes the 'three body segment' illusion more convincing. This female specimen was probably gravid and therefore had a swollen abdomen and lost this indention usually indicative of this species.

This species is confined mainly to coastal sand dunes in England and Wales, and my sightings in Erith, Kent during May & September 2019 were the very first to ever be recorded in the London area. This species has only ever been found once before in Kent at Sandwich Bay. My female specimen was found in May 2019 on a UPVC front door of a house in a built-up residential housing area in SE London / North Kent. It is believed that these spiders probably arrived as accidental stowaways on imported plants.

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3mm adult male Ant-Mimic Jumping Spider (Synageles venator) found on another UPVC front door in SE London / North Kent.

This second specimen was a male and was found about 500m from the first, wandering on the front of another home September 19th 2019. Whilst in my care it readily fed on a small fruit fly I offered it.

This spider was the most frustrating specimen that I have ever tried to photograph. It took me 4 hours of continuous shooting to capture these shots. I took around 1000 photos and these were the only ones that were sharp enough to use. Much like the Black Garden Ant, that this spider mimics, it never stays still for a moment, unless it cocoons itself in a silky tent. This species not only looks like an ant but moves around like one as well.

3mm adult male Ant-Mimic Jumping Spider (Synageles venator) found on the top of a plastic recycling bin in SE London / North Kent.

On 18th October 2021 my wife and I were taking out the recycling and as I opened the lid of my green plastic & metal recycling bin my wife spotted a small spider of about 3mm in length on the rim of the bin. I had noticed it out the corner of my eye but I'd subconsciously disregarded it as an ant. I tried not to get too excited as I asked my wife to fetch me a pot for me to capture it in. Sure enough as soon as I looked at the spider through the lens of my camera it was obvious we had found a male Synageles venator in our SE London garden, about 2 miles from my previous sightings in 2019.

10mm female Adanson's House Jumper, found in a horticultural nursery / butterfly house in SE London 28th April 2021

Adanson's House Jumper (Hasarius adansoni)

The Adanson's House Jumper is a pantropical species and is native to Africa and the Middle East. It has since been introduced to greenhouses, zoos and similar indoor horticultural facilities worldwide. It is now found established in the wild in warmer parts of Europe, India, China, Japan, Australia, North America, South America and Vietnam. Males grow to around 8mm in body-length, whilst the large and stocky females reach around 10mm. The Adanson's House Jumper, as its name suggests, is a synanthropic species, meaning they live near, and benefit from a close association with humans. In warmer countries the Adanson's House Jumper is commonly seen on internal walls and ceilings of houses. Male specimens are known to exhibit a distinctive behaviour of moving their white tufted pedipalps in a marching fashion whilst walking.

In the UK this species is only encountered as a very occasional accidental import in hothouses, such as greenhouses and indoor nurseries, and has not established itself living in the wild. The Adanson's House Jumper has been observed in England since 1862, when it was first found in a conservatory at Burnham, Somerset. It has also been sighted on occasion at the Royal Botanical Gardens at Edinburgh in the Orchid House since 1904. It was first recorded at the Eden Project in Cornwall in 2009 and has also been recorded many times at Kew Gardens, with records as recent as February 2021. In December 2017 a male specimen was found in a bedroom in Bath, Somerset in the UK and photographed by Tone Killick. Both my male and female Adanson's House Jumpers were found on separate occasions in a horticultural nursery / butterfly house in SE London in spring of 2021 where staff had previously seen both male and female specimens on occasion for several years. On 28th October 2021 I was contacted by Mr Shirkie, who discovered and photographed a male Adanson's House Jumper specimen in his home in the Kyle district in Scotland. On 19th November 2021 a male Hasarius adansoni was found climbing over a Christmas tree in the IKEA store, in the West Midlands town of Wednesbury. LINK

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8mm male Adanson's House Jumper, found in a horticultural nursery / butterfly house in SE London 23rd March 2021

When viewed from the front the male Adanson's House Jumper is sometimes confused with the much smaller Euophrys frontalis, which is a widespread and native species to the UK, especially on the southern coasts of England. However Euophrys frontalis can easily be distinguished by the white tips to its front legs, that are not found on Hasarius adansoni.

8mm male Adanson's House Jumper, found in a horticultural nursery / butterfly house in SE London 23rd March 2021

10mm female Adanson's House Jumper, found in a horticultural nursery / butterfly house in SE London 28th April 2021

14mm male Phidippus cf regius, that arrived as an accidental stowaway to the UK, at an import warehouse in Essex, 12th April 2022.

Regal Jumping Spider (Phidippus regius)

Phidippus are the largest of the Jumping Spiders native to the USA, and there are several species of Phidippus found there. The Regal Jumping Spider is one of theses large and impressive spiders, with males reaching a body-length of 6 - 18mm, with 12mm being the average. The females are even larger, reaching an impressive 7 - 22mm, with 15mm being the average. These beautiful spiders are found in the southeastern U.S.A., the Greater Antilles, and the Bahamas, but they are most common in Florida. Sadly they are not established anywhere in the UK.

The males are black and white in colour, with a large, white, triangular spot in the middle of their abdomen and usually two small white dots at the posterior end. The fang cases are large, with a metallic green / blue colouration. The heavily fringed front legs of the male grow at a disproportionate rate as the spider matures. Mature males having large and powerful front legs, giving the spider a slight resemblance to a miniature gorilla.

By the time they reach their third instar female specimens are covered in tiny coloured scales. These scales can be grey, light brown, orange, or any mixture of these colours. Occasionally females can be black & white like the males. The female's fang cases are not as large as the males but they still have an iridescent sheen, although they can be metallic red / violet ,or sometimes green, like the males. The front legs are long but not as large, or as tufted, as the males. There are two closely related species to Phidippus regius, that can be found in the same areas, Phidippus audax, and Phidippus otiosus, and both are similar in appearance. Phidippus regius often vary in appearance due to locality, but there is still variation between specimens found in the same area. Female specimens from the Bahamas are often found as a largely white morph.

In the wild the Regal Jumping Spider likes high temperatures, lots of light and fairly high humidity. They are frequently found in open fields and light woodland. Adults often hunt on trees or the walls of surrounding buildings. At night they hide away in a silken retreat. The female regularly uses loose tree bark, or gaps behind the wood of barns, and other wooden buildings, to lay their eggs. This species is reluctant to bite humans and bites usually cause little more than minor swelling and slight pain. The lifespan of the Regal Jumping Spider is usually 1 - 2 years, but some specimens have been known to live for 3 years.

These photos of a large male specimen were taken after the spider turned up, as an accidental stowaway, at an import warehouse in Essex. Knowing the country of origin as the USA, and due the spider's large size and metallic chelicerae, this specimen was easy to identify as Phidippus species, probably the Regal Jumping Spider (Phidippus regius).

Phidippus sp. are popular in the exotic pet-trade, due their impressive size, beautiful colours and calm temperament. These spiders are reluctant to bite humans, but due to their large size species such as Phidippus regius can give a painful bite if badly handled. The bite causes no harm to humans though. Although initially painful, the pain is caused mainly by the large fangs, rather than the venom of the spider, and any pain fades very quickly.

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14mm male Phidippus cf regius, that arrived as an accidental stowaway to the UK, at an import warehouse in Essex, 12th April 2022.

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